因果图分析法应用于液氯泄漏事故分析

针对国内近年来氯气泄漏／爆炸事故频发的现状,选择其中具有典型性的江西油脂厂氯气泄漏事故,运用因果分析方法对其事故原因进行系统分析。并根据分析结果,以降低事故发生概率和严重度为目标,从管理角度提出预防对策。     

氨基脲的毒性效应研究进展

环境及食品中的氨基脲主要来源于硝基呋喃类药物及偶氮二甲酰胺的分解;同时,次氯酸盐与氨基酸的作用也能产生氨基脲. 氨基脲曾在食品动物、玻璃包装食品等多种食品中被检出,近期在我国东营潮河入海口邻近海域也有检出. 早期的研究表明,氨基脲具有致诱变性和潜在的致癌性;而近期的研究表明,氨基脲不仅能够在组织形态学水平上导致多种组织器官的形态改变,而且还可对神经系统、内分泌系统的功能产生影响. 50~150mg/L氨基脲可导致大鼠胎儿肺和肝脏器官内核酸水平显著降低,增加幼年小鼠肺肿瘤发生率;此外,能够显著增加鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞的微核率,表现出弱遗传毒性. 氨基脲是GABA合成酶GAD(谷氨酸脱羧酶)的抑制剂,并且对NMDAR(N-甲基-D-天氡氨酸受体)具有拮抗作用,从而产生神经毒性. 氨基脲可致大鼠多个靶组织器官形态结构的改变且具有一定的性别差异,其中,对胸腺及肾上腺的组织学改变仅在雌性中表现出来,而对甲状腺组织结构的改变仅在雄性中表现明显,对生殖器官的毒性表现为其能够改变雌性卵巢和雄性睾丸显微结构. 雌性大鼠口服40、75、140mg/kg氨基脲28d能够降低其血浆内E₂(雌二醇)水平,并且呈剂量-效应关系,表现出抗雌激素效应. 未来应继续补充氨基脲的毒性数据,以揭示其毒性作用机制;同时,应从其衍生物降解规律、环境风险评价等角度进行深入研究.      

Increasing polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) contamination in sediment cores from the inner Clyde Estuary,UK

The concentrations of 16 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners in six short sediment cores from the Clyde Estuary were determined by gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry. Total PBDE concentrations ranged from 1 to 2,645 μg/kg and the average concentration was 287 μg/kg. BDE-209 was the main congener and varied from 1 to 2,337 μg/kg. Elevated total PBDE concentrations were observed close to the sediment surface in the uppermost 10 cm of four of the six sediment cores. Comparison of the down core PBDE profiles revealed that the increase was driven by the accumulation of deca-BDE. Although the deca-BDE mix was dominant, the presence of lower molecular weight congeners BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-183 and BDE-153 at most sediment intervals suggested additional sources of penta-BDE and octa-BDE pollution. Changing PBDE source input was the major factor in influencing the proportion of nona-brominated congeners, although other explanations such as post burial photo-debromination of BDE-209 cannot be entirely discounted. A clear cascading to lower hepta-, hexa-, and penta-homologues was not found. The increase in total PBDE concentrations and particularly the deca-BDE may possibly be ascribed to the use and subsequent disposal of electrical appliances such as televisions and computers. In the Clyde sediments, the proportion of nona-brominated congeners was higher than that reported for commercial mixtures. This might be due to changing sources of PBDEs or post burial photo-debromination of BDE-209.     

填埋场原位好氧稳定化技术的应用现状及研究进展

综述了原位好氧稳定化技术的原理、系统构成、关键单元的设计和优化及终点评价,结合我国填埋场及垃圾特点,展望了该技术在我国的发展前景和挑战.均匀布气及配水是原位好氧稳定化项目实施过程中主要的难点.做好渗滤液导排保证堆体最优含水率、优化曝气及提气管道布局、分层整治并辅以高压局部曝气有望提高氧气利用率;采用分层回灌或者压力回灌以及控制回灌速率可分别改善液体回灌过程中的屏障效应和大孔隙出流效应,保障堆体布水均匀.好氧稳定化处理后垃圾腐殖土及场底土壤的风险评价体系及最终出路尚未明确,后期加强相关基础研究以指导工程应用是必要的.     

Contents and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides in vegetable soils of Guangzhou, China

We investigated contents, distribution and possible sources of PAHs and organochlorine pesticides (Ops) in 43 surface and subsurface soils around the urban Guangzhou where variable kinds of vegetables are grown. The results indicate that the contents of PAHs (16 US EPA priority PAHs) range from 42 to 3077 microg/kg and the pollution extent is classified as a moderate level in comparison with other investigations and soil quality standards. The ratios of methylphenanthrenes to phenanthrene(MP/P), anthracene to anthracene plus phenanthrene (An/178), benz[a]anthracene to benz[a]anthracene plus chrysene (BaA/228), indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene to indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene plus benzo[ghi]perylene (In/In+BP) suggest that the sources of PAHs in the soil samples are mixed with a dominant contribution from petroleum and combustion of fossil fuel. The correlation analysis shows that the PAHs contents are significantly related to total organic carbon contents (TOC) (R2=0.75) and black carbon contents (BC) (R2=0.62) in the soil samples. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and metabolites (DDTs) and hexachlorocyclohexanes and metabolites (HCHs) account largely for the contaminants of OPs. The concentrations of DDTs range from 3.58 to 831 microg/kg and the ratios for DDT/(DDD+DDE) are higher than 2 in some soil samples, suggesting that DDT contamination still exists and may be caused by its persistence in soils and/or impurity in the pesticide dicofol. The concentrations of HCHs are 0.19-42.3 microg/kg.     

Assessment of some water quality parameters in the Red River downstream,Vietnam by combining field monitoring and remote sensing method

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The Red River is the largest river in northern Vietnam, and it serves as the main water source for production and human activities in the Red River...     

Assessment of total concentrations of heavy metals in industrial sludges from the North of Vietnam and their potential impact on the ecosystem

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Industrial sludges from wastewater treatment plants of industrial parks and a drinking water treatment plant in northern Vietnam were investigated in...     

The protective effect of green space on heat-related respiratory hospitalization among children under 5 years of age in Hanoi,Vietnam

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Combined effects of global warming and rapid urbanization replace green spaces with urban facilities. Children in urban areas are at a higher risk of...     

生产性IC反应器厌氧颗粒污泥的生物学特征

IC反应器以絮状污泥接种用于处理酒糟废水,运行至第180d时分别测定反应器第1、第2反应室颗粒污泥的VSS、产甲烷活性、胞外多聚物和辅酶F420等各项生物学指标。结果表明反应器内颗粒污泥具有较强活性,反应器COD去除率基本稳定在95%以上,出水COD不超过1000mg/L。     

沸石颗粒在污泥絮体中的形态及其对污泥泥水分离的影响

投加沸石粉提高了活性污泥的泥水分离性能。通过对沸石颗粒表面生物膜和投加了沸石粉的活性污泥絮体生长过程及成熟形态的微观观察,结果表明沸石颗粒不仅可以作为微生物载体长成生物膜,而且成为菌胶团核心和污泥絮体骨架,改善了污泥絮体的颗粒结构,从而增强了絮体强度,提高了絮体密度,降低了污泥塑性。研究结果表明沸石粉适宜的投加量为4g/L;在活性污泥中投加4g/L沸石粉后,SVI从193降低到155,污泥比阻从27.36×1012m/kg降低到5.67×1012m/kg;在沸石粉含量小于10g/L时,随着沸石粉含量的增加,污泥呈现压缩沉淀时界面沉速和出现压缩沉淀的时间持续减小。